doc. Ing. Martin Šálek Ph.D.

Pozice vědecký pracovník kmenový
Zaměření ekologie ptáků a savců
Pracoviště Pracoviště Brno
+420 387 775 611

Výzkumné směry

  • ekologie ptáků a savců ve fragmentované zemědělské krajině,
  • behaviorální ekologie a populační genetika sýčka obecného,
  • prostorová a úkrytová ekologie netopýrů,
  • návrat velkých býložravců: důležitý nástroj ochrany biodiverzity.
Petr Procházka

Internetová prezentace

http://new.birdlife.cz/sycek/ http://www.saliphoto.blogspot.cz/

Současní studenti

  • Alexandra Krivopalova (PhD): Ekologie zajíce polního (Lepus europaeus) v rozdílných zemědělských krajinách.
  • Malavika Madhavan (PhD): Je vnitropohlavní výběr hybatelem evoluce signálů individuální identity živočichů?
  • Sangeeth Sailas (PhD): Faktory ovlivňující časovo-prostorovou distribuci, početnost a mortalitu ptačích predátorů.

Publikace

DOSTÁL D., KONVIČKA M., ČÍŽEK L., ŠÁLAEK M., ROBOVSKÝ J., HORČIČKOVÁ E., JIRKŮ M. 2014: Divoký kůň (Equus ferus) a pratur (Bos primigenius): klíčové druhy pro formování české krajiny. Česká krajina, Kutná Hora, 125 pp. M. ŠÁLEK, M. BEREC: Rozšíření a biotopové preference sýčka obecného (Athene noctua) ve vybraných oblastech jižních Čech. Buteo 12 (2001): 127-134. M. ŠÁLEK, P. SÍČOVÁ, F. SEDLÁČEK: Kuna skalní (Martes foina) v městském prostředí: početnost a rozšíření. Lynx 36 (2005): 111–116. M. ŠÁLEK, L. SCHRÖPFER: Recent decline of the Little Owl (Athene noctua) in the Czech Republic. Polish Journal of Ecology 56 (2008): 527-534. D. FISCHER, P. PAVLUVČÍK, F. SEDLÁČEK, M. ŠÁLEK: Predation of the alien American mink (Mustela vison) on native crayfish populations in middle-sized streams in central and western Bohemia. Folia Zoologica 58 (2009): 45-56. R. K. LUČAN, M. ANDREAS, P. BENDA, T. BARTONIČKA, T. BŘEZINOVÁ, A. HOFFMANNOVÁ, Š. HULOVÁ, P. HULVA, J. NECKÁŘOVÁ, A. REITER, T. SVAČINA, M. ŠÁLEK, I. HORÁČEK: Alcathoe bat (Myotis alcathoe) in the Czech Republic: distributional status, roosting and feeding ecology. Acta Chiropterologica 11 (2009): 61-69. M. ŠÁLEK, J. RIEGERT, V. KŘIVAN: The impact of vegetation characteristics and prey availability on breeding habitat use and diet of Little Owl (Athene noctua) in Central European farmland. Bird Study 57 (2010): 495-503. DOSTÁL D., JIRKŮ M., KONVIČKA M., ČÍŽEK L., ŠÁLEK M. 2012: Návrat zubra evropského (Bison bonasus) do České republiky: Potenciální přínosy a perspektivní lokality. Česká krajina, Kutná Hora, 119 s.

Publications and Applied outputs

2026

Madhavan M, Hornátová L, Šálek M, Průchová A, Linhart P (2026). Social environment affects vocal individuality in a non-learning species. Scientific Reports, 51.
Sailas SS, Tschumi M, Grüebler MU, Reipricht F, Stroeken P, van Harxen R, Šálek M (2026). Habitat-dependent provisioning patterns are modulated by weather conditions in a rapidly declining farmland raptor. Ecology and Evolution, e72969.
Šálek M, Boháč O, Šimeček K, Grill S, Żmihorski M, Kotowska D (2026). Small-scale farming benefits birds and boosts their diversity in nearby farmland and villages. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 110048.
Ševčík R, Cukor J, Brynychová K, Šálek M, Hruška J (2026). Agroecosystem quality as an essential driver of European hare Lepus europaeus population density in contrasting farmlands. Oikos, e11695.

2025

Best P, Araya-Salas M, Ekström AG, Freitas B, Jensen FH, Kershenbaum A, Lameira AR, Lehmann KDS, Linhart P, Liu A, Madhavan M, Markham A, Roch MA, Root-Gutteridge H, Šálek M, Smith-Vidaurre G, Strandburg-Peshkin A, Warren MR, Wijers M, Marxer R (2025). Bioacoustic fundamental frequency estimation: a cross-species dataset and deep learning baseline. Bioacoustics-The International Journal of Animal Sound and Its Recording.
Gómez-Catasús J, Benítez-López A, Díaz M, González del Portillo D, Pérez-Granados C, Alonso JC, Arroyo B, Abril-Colón I, Barrero A, Barrientos R, Bolonio L, Bota G, Brambilla M, Brotons L, Bustillo-de la Rosa D, Cabodevilla X, Carrascal LM, Carricondo A, Casas F, Catry I, Crispim-Mendes T, Erciyas-Yavuz K, Galván I, Gameiro J, García JT, Giralt D, Illera JC, Leiva A, López-Iborra GM, Mañosa S, Marques AT, Martín CA, Medrano-Vizcaíno P, Morales MB, Moreira F, Mougeot F, Nikolov B, Olea PP, Onrubia A, Oñate-Casado J, Palacín C, Pearce-Higgins JW, Petrusková T, Reverter M, Revilla-Martín N, Rigal S, Sáez-Gómez P, Šálek M, Salgado I, Santangeli A, Sanz-Pérez A, Seoane J, Serrano D, Silva JP, Tarjuelo R, Traba J, Tryjanowski P, Ucero A, Václav R, Valera F, Vögeli M, Başkent EZ, Zurdo J, Bravo C (2025). Alarming conservation status of Western European steppe birds and their habitats: An expert-based review of current threats, traits and knowledge gaps. Biological Conservation, 111414.
Grilo C, Neves T, Bates J, le Roux A, Medrano-Vizcaíno P, Quaranta M, Silva I, Soanes K, Wang Y, Andrášik R, Bartonička T, Benedetti Y, Bíl M, Červinka J, Cicha V, Duľa M, Ernst M, Janík T, Jirků M, Keken Z, Kubeček J, Kušta T, Mulualem G, Neudert J, Romportl D, Šálek M, Sedoník J, Guinard E (2025). Global Roadkill Data: a dataset on terrestrial vertebrate mortality caused by collision with vehicles. Scientific Data, 505.
Mikula P, Šálek M, Adojaan K, Alonso ADL, Baltag E, Beton D, Bobeková I, Catalán RAM, Erciyas-Yavuz K, Franzoi A, Hansen ES, Korytár Ľ, Linhart P, Méndez V, Monoki Á, Ondrejková A, Pintilioaie A, Serra L, Snape RTE, Yavuz N, Tryjanowski P (2025). Prevalence of eye colobomas in wild birds: insights from a large-scale citizen science study. Journal of Vertebrate Biology, 24117.
Pérez-Granados C, Benítez-López A, Diaz M, Gameiro J, Lenzner B, Roura-Pascual N, Gómez-Catasús J, Tarjuelo R, Barrero A, Bolonio L, Bota G, Brambilla M, Bravo C, Brotons L, Bustillo-de la Rosa D, Cabodevilla X, Búrdalo AC, Carricondo A, Casas F, Concepción ED, Constán-Nava S, Crispim-Mendes T, Giralt D, Golivets M, Latombe G, Leiva A, López-Iborra GM, López-Poveda G, Mañosa S, Martín CA, Morales MB, Moreira F, Mougeot F, Nikolov B, Olea PP, Onrubia A, Reverter M, Revilla-Martín N, Rigal S, Jiménez GR, Sáez-Gómez P, Šálek M, Salgado I, Santangeli A, Santos C, Sanz-Pérez A, Serrano D, Silva JP, Torrijo A, Traba J, Tryjanowski P, Václav R, Valera F, Vögeli M, Zurdo J, Marques AT (2025). Key conservation actions for European steppes in the context of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Sustainability Science.
Pérez-Granados C, Lenzner B, Díaz M, Benítez-López A, Marques AT, Tarjuelo R, Gómez-Catasús J, Roura-Pascual N, Vögeli M, Valera F, Václav R, Tryjanowski P, Traba J, Santangeli A, Jiménez GR, Revilla-Martín N, Mougeot F, Moreira F, Morales MB, Mañosa S, López-Iborra GM, Latombe G, Golivets M, Concepción ED, Cabodevilla X, Brotons L, Bravo C, Brambilla M, Bota G, Bolonio L, Arroyo B, Zurdo J, Silva JP, Serrano D, Sanz-Pérez A, Salgado I, Šálek M, Sáez-Gómez P, Reverter M, Onrubia A, Olea PP, Nikolov B, Martín CA, López-Poveda G, Leiva A, Giralt D, Crispim-Mendes T, Casas F, Bustillo-de la Rosa D, Barrero A, Gameiro J (2025). Using scenarios for reducing uncertainties in biodiversity conservation: from global targets to European steppes. Conservation Letters, e13138.
Průchová A, Šálek M, Linhart P (2025). Social factors affect vocal activity patterns of two common call types in Little Owl males. Journal of Ornithology.
Šálek M, Bažant M, Vrána J, Grill S, Václav R (2025). Urban refuges in winter: the role of habitat characteristics and supplementary feeding in shaping bird occupancy and abundance. Urban Ecosystems.
Šálek M, Monoki Á, Madhavan M, Sailas SS, Lalonde Z, Linhart P (2025). In Owl’s paradise: Little Owl population densities in traditional human settlements represent one of the highest densities reported among owls. Journal of Raptor Research.
Šálek M, Kadava L, Vrána J, Mayer M (2025). Seasonal variation in bird species richness and abundance across contrasting farmland: The importance of heterogeneous and non-cropped habitats. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 109616.
Šálek M, Boháč O, Cukor J, Samaš P (2025). Year-round evaluation of the conservation potential of seed-rich field margins under agri-environmental schemes for farmland birds, European hares, and common hamsters. Ecology and Evolution, e72492.

2024

Cukor J, Riegert J, Krivopalova A, Vacek Z, Šálek M (2024). The low survival rate of European hare leverets in arable farmland: evidence from the predation experiment. PeerJ, e17235.
Cukor J, Faltusová M, Vacek Z, Linda R, Skoták V, Václavek P, Ježek M, Šálek M, Havránek F (2024). Wild boar carcasses in the center of boar activity: crucial risks of ASF transmission. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 1497361.
Krivopalova A, Mikula P, Cukor J, Ševčík R, Brynychová K, Šálek M (2024). Adaptation of farmland mammalian specialist to urban life: Escape behavior of European hare along the urban-rural gradient.. Science of the Total Environment, 175779.
Sailas SS, van Harxen R, Stroeken P, Stýblová I, Reipricht F, Šálek M (2024). Nestbox cameras reveal geographic, temporal and sex-specific variations in the composition of provisioned prey for a declining farmland raptor. Journal of Vertebrate Biology, 24071.
Valera F, Šálek M, Bolonio L, Václav R (2024). Comment on 'Solar parks can enhance bird diversity in agricultural landscape' by Jarčuška et al.. Journal of Environmental Management, 121781.

2023

Bluhm H, Diserens T, Engleder T, Heising K, Heurich M, Janík T, Jirků M, Klich D, Koenig H, Kowalczyk R, Kuijper D, Maslanko E, Michler F, Neumann W, Oeser J, Olech W, Perzanowski K, Ratkiewicz M, Romportl D, Šálek M, Kuemmerle T (2023). Widespread habitat for Europe's largest herbivores, but poor connectivity limits recolonization. Diversity and Distributions.
Šálek M, Riegert J, Krivopalova A, Cukor J (2023). Small islands in the wide open sea: The importance of non-farmed habitats under power pylons for mammals in agricultural landscape. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 108500.
Šálek M, Bažant M, Klvaňa P, Vermouzek Z, Václav R (2023). Historical changes in mortality patterns of diurnal and nocturnal raptors in the Czech Republic, Central Europe: 1913–2017. Biological Conservation, 110073.
Šálek M, Mayer M (2023). Farmstead modernization adversely affects farmland birds. Journal of Applied Ecology.
Šimůnek V, Prokůpková A, Vacek Z, Vacek S, Cukor J, Remeš J, Hájek V, D'Andrea G, Šálek M, Nola P, Pericolo O, Holzbachová S, Ripullone F (2023). Silver fir tree-ring fluctuations decrease from north to south latitude—total solar irradiance and NAO are indicated as the main influencing factors. Forest Ecosystems, 100150.

2022

Šálek M, Bažant M, Żmihorski M, Gamero A (2022). Evaluating conservation tools in intensively-used farmland: Higher bird and mammal diversity in seed-rich strips during winter. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 107844.
Šálek M, Kalinová K, Reif J (2022). Conservation potential of semi-natural habitats for birds in intensively-used agricultural landscapes. Journal for Nature Conservation, 126124.

2021

Birrer S, Riegert J, Šálek M, Zárybnická M (2021). A meta-analysis on the diet of European Owl species – a comparison between species and between regions. Eulen-Rundblick, 71: 90-93.
Cukor J, Linda R, Andersen O, Eriksen LF, Vacek Z, Riegert J, Šálek M (2021). Evaluation of spatio-temporal patterns of predation risk to forest grouse nests in the Central European mountain regions. Animals, 316.
Havlíček J, Riegert J, Bandhauerová J, Fuchs R, Šálek M (2021). Species-specific breeding habitat association of declining farmland birds within urban environments: conservation implications. Urban Ecosystems.
Janík T, Peters W, Šálek M, Romportl D, Jirků M, Engleder T, Ernst M, Neudert J, Heurich M (2021). The declining occurrence of moose (Alces alces) at the southernmost edge of its range raise conservation concerns. Ecology and Evolution.
Mayer M, Šálek M, Fox AD, Lindhøj FJ, Jacobsen LB, Sunde P (2021). Fine-scale movement patterns and habitat selection of little owls (Athene noctua) from two declining populations. PLoS ONE, e0256608.
Oppermann R, Aguirre E, Bleil R, Calabuig JD, Šálek M, Schmotzer A, Schraml A (2021). A rapid method for monitoring landscape structure and ecological value in European farmlands: the LISA approach. Landscape Online, 90: 1-24.
Šálek M, Kalinová K, Daňková R, Grill S, Żmihorski M (2021). Reduced diversity of farmland birds in homogenized agricultural landscape: A cross-border comparison over the former Iron Curtain. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 107628.
Šálek M, Grill S, Riegert J (2021). Nest-site selection of an avian urban exploiter, the Eurasian magpie Pica pica, across the urban-rural gradient. Journal of Vertebrate Biology, 20086.

2020

Šálek M, Václav R, Sedláček F (2020). Uncropped habitats under power pylons are overlooked refuges for small mammals in agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 106777.
Šálek M, Brlík V, Kadava L, Praus L, Studecký J, Vrána J, Gamero A (2020). Year-round relevance of manure heaps and its conservation potential for declining farmland birds in agricultural landscape. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 107032.
Żmihorski M, Kowalski M, Cichocki J, Rubacha S, Kotowska D, Krupiński D, Rosin ZM, Šálek M, Pärt T (2020). The use of socio-economy in species distribution modelling: Features of rural societies improve predictions of barn owl occurrence. Science of the Total Environment, 140407.

2019

Linhart P, Osiejuk T, Budka M, Šálek M, Špinka M, Policht R, Syrová M, Blumstein DT (2019). Measuring individual identity information in animal signals: Overview and performance of available identity metrics. Methods in Ecology and Evolution.
Stowell D, Petrusková T, Šálek M, Linhart P (2019). Automatic acoustic identification of individuals in multiple species: improving identification across recording conditions. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 20180940.
Šálek M, Poprach K, Opluštil L, Melichar D, Mráz J, Václav R (2019). Assessment of relative mortality rates for two rapidly declining farmland owls in the Czech Republic (Central Europe). European Journal of Wildlife Research, 19.
Šálek M, Zeman V, Václav R (2019). Habitat selection of an endangered European farmland bird, the Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana, in two contrasting landscapes: implications for management. Bird Conservation International.
Kehoe L, Reis T, Virah-Sawmy M, Balmford A, Kuemmerle T, Šálek M (2019). Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable. Science.

2018

Jirků M, Dostál D, Robovský J, Šálek M (2018). Reproduction of the golden jackal (Canis aureus) outside current resident breeding populations in Europe: evidence from the Czech Republic. Mammalia.
Kipson M, Šálek M, Lučan R, Uhrin M, Maxinová E, Bartonička T, Andreas M, Kipson K, Pušić A, Rnjak D, Naďo L, Horáček I (2018). Foraging habitat, home-range size and diet of a Mediterranean bat species, Savi’s pipistrelle. Acta Chiropterologica.
Pavliska PL, Riegert J, Grill S, Šálek M (2018). The effect of landscape heterogeneity on population density and habitat preferences of the European hare (Lepus europaeus) in contrasting farmlands. Mammalian Biology.
Poprach K, Poprach A, Opluštil L, Krause F, Škorpíková V, Šálek M, Kodet V (2018). The Little Owl (Athene noctua) in the South Moravian Region in 1990–2017. Crex - Zpravodaj Jihomoravské pobočky ČSO, 37: 18-66.
Šálek M, Bažant M, Żmihorski M (2018). Active farmsteads are year-round strongholds for farmland birds. Journal of Applied Ecology.
Šálek M, Hula V, Kipson M, Daňková R, Niedobová J, Gamero A (2018). Bringing diversity back to agriculture: Smaller fields and non-crop elements enhance biodiversity in intensively managed arable farmlands. Ecological Indicators.
Šálek M, Żmihorski M (2018). Manure heaps attract farmland birds during winter. Bird Study.

2017

Chrenková M, Dobrý M, Šálek M (2017). Further evidence of large-scale population decline and range contraction of the little owl Athene noctua in Central Europe. Folia zoologica.
Linhart P, Šálek M (2017). The assessment of biases in the acoustic discrimination of individuals. PLoS ONE, e0177206.

2016

Jacobsen LB, Chrenková M, Sunde P, Šálek M, Thorup K (2016). Effects of food provisioning and habitat management on spatial behaviour of Little Owls during the breeding season. Ornis Fennica.
Lučan RK, Bartonička T, Jedlička P, Řeřucha Š, Šálek M, Čížek M, Nicolaou H, Horáček I (2016). Spatial activity and feeding ecology of the endangered northern population of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Journal of Mammalogy.
Šálek M, Chrenková M, Dobrý M, Kipson M, Grill S, Radovan V (2016). Scale-dependent habitat associations of a rapidly declining farmland predator, the Little Owl Athene noctua, in contrasting agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment.
Šálek M, Beran V, Hanzlíková M, Kipson M, Molitor P, Praus L, Procházka V, Šimeček K, Vít P, Zeman V (2016). Ortolan Bunting (Emberiza hortulana) in the Czech Republic: population changes and current distribution in core areas. Sylvia, 52: 34-52.

2015

Červinka J, Riegert J, Grill S, Šálek M (2015). Large-scale evaluation of carnivore road mortality: the effect of landscape and local scale characteristics. Mammal Research.
Pellegrino I, Negri A, Boano G, Cucco M, Kristensen TN, Pertoldi C, Randi E, Šálek M, Mucci N (2015). Evidence for strong genetic structure in European populations of the little owl Athene noctua. Journal of Avian Biology.
Šálek M, Havlíček J, Riegert J, Nešpor M, Fuchs R, Kipson M (2015). Winter density and habitat preferences of three declining granivorous farmland birds: The importance of the keeping of poultry and dairy farms. Journal for Nature Conservation.
Šálek M, Kučera T, Zimmermann K, Bartůšková I, Plátek M, Grill S, Konvička M (2015). Edges within farmland: Management implications of taxonspecific species richness correlates. Basic and applied Ecology.
Šálek M, Drahníková L, Tkadlec E (2015). Changes in home range sizes and population densities of carnivore species along the natural to urban habitat gradient. Mammal Review.
Šálek M, Riegert J, Grill S (2015). The House Sparrows Passer domesticus and Tree Sparrows Passer montanus: fine-scale distribution, population densities, and habitat selection in a Central European city. Acta Ornithologica, .
Šálek M (2015). Zvoní umíráček naší dříve nejhojnější sově?. Ochrana přírody, 70: 24-27.

2014

Červinka J, Drahníková L, Kreisinger J, Šálek M (2014). Effect of habitat characteristics on mesocarnivore occurrence in urban environment in the Central Europe. Urban Ecosystems.
Lučan RK, Bartonička T, Benda P, Bilgin R, Jedlička P, Nicolaou H, Reiter A, Shohdi WM, Šálek M, Řeřucha Š, Uhrin M, Abi-Said M, Horáček I (2014). Reproductive seasonality of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) at the northern limits of its distribution. Journal of Mammalogy.
Pellegrino I, Negri A, Cucco M, Mucci N, Pavia M, Šálek M, Boano G, Randi E (2014). Phylogeography and Pleistocene refugia of the Little Owl Athene noctua inferred from mtDNA sequence data. Ibis.
Šálek M, Červinka J, Padyšáková E, Kreisinger J (2014). Does spatial co-occurrence of carnivores in a Central European agricultural landscape follow the null model?. European Journal of Wildlife Research.
Šálek M, Červinka J, Pavluvčík P, Poláková S, Tkadlec E (2014). Forest-edge utilization by carnivores in relation to local and landscape habitat characteristics in central European farmland. Mammalian Biology.
Šálek M, Červinka J, Banea OC, Krofel M, Ćirović D, Selanec I, Penezić A, Grill S, Riegert J (2014). Population densities and habitat use of the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in farmlands across the Balkan Peninsula. European Journal of Wildlife Research.
Šálek M (2014). Long-term population decline of the Little Owl (Athene nocuta) in a core area of its distribution in Bohemia. Sylvia, 50: 2-11.
Šálek M (2014). Population density of Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto in different types of urban development. Sluka, 10: 38-48.

2013

Červinka J, Šálek M, Padyšáková E, Šmilauer P (2013). The effects of local and landscape-scale habitat characteristics and prey availability on corridor use by carnivores: A comparison of two contrasting farmlands. Journal for Nature Conservation.
Lučan RK, Šálek M (2013). Observation of successful mobbing of an insectivorous bat, Taphozous nudiventris (Emballonuridae), on an avian predator, Tyto alba (Tytonidae). Mammalia.
Šálek M, Chrenková M, Kipson M (2013). High population density of Little Owl (Athene noctua) in Hortobagy National Park, Hungary, Central Europe. Polish Journal of Ecology, 61: 165-169.
Šálek M, Spassov N, Anděra M, Enzinger K, Ottlecz B, Hegyeli Z (2013). Population status, habitat associations, and distribution of the steppe polecat Mustela eversmanii in Europe. Acta Theriologica.

2012

Šálek M, Lövy M (2012). Spatial ecology and habitat selection of Little Owl Athene noctua during the breeding season in Central European farmland. Bird Conservation International.

2011

Červinka J, Šálek M, Pavluvčík P, Kreisinger J (2011). The fine-scale utilization of forest edges by mammalian mesopredators related to patch size and conservation issues in Central European farmland. Biodiversity and Conservation.
Svobodová J, Kreisinger J, Šálek M, Koubová M, Albrecht T (2011). Testing mechanistic explanations for mammalian predator responses to habitat edges. European Journal of Wildlife Research.

2010

Padyšáková E, Šálek M, Poledník L, Sedláček F, Albrecht T (2010). Predation on simulated duck nests in relation to nest density and landscape structure. Wildlife Research.
Šálek M, Kreisinger J, Sedláček F, Albrecht T (2010). Do prey densities determine preferences of mammalian predators for habitat edges in an agricultural landscape?. Landscape and Urban Planning.

2009

Padyšáková E, Šálek M, Poledník L, Sedláček F, Albrecht T (2009). Odstranění norka amerického zvyšuje úspěšnost umělých hnízd. Wildlife Research.
Šálek M, Kreisinger J, Sedláček F, Albrecht T (2009). Corridor vs. hayfield matrix use by mammalian predators in an agricultural landscape. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment.